Publishing industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Publishing industry - Research Paper Example This factor affects the copy editing and graphic design stages of development. In these stages, marketing and art departments design the product including page size, type and style, layout, and graphics based on the needs of the target market. The current market for publishing products requires digitized books. Therefore, publishing industries are now developing digitized books in order to meet the needs of the target market. The third economic factor affecting the publishing industry is competition. This affects the marketing stage. There are many firms operating in the industry; hence causing competition and reduced sales volumes for existing members of the industry. Finally, the overall economic performance of the country in terms of GDP, Inflation and economic growth affects the industry. Increased GDP means increased purchasing power for the consumers of published products; hence profitability of the industry increases. Inflation causes increase in prices of products and services, including the prices of publishing services. Increased prices then cause low demand, reduced sales and diminishing profits in the industry. Publishing industry has existing firms, and also potential entrants. In USA and Canada, some of the existing firms include: Random House, HarperCollins Publishers Inc, Penguin Group, etc. The existing firms erect barriers to entry of firms using research and technology. The existing firms develop innovations and technologies that are difficult for entrants or other firms to imitate (Siegfried and Evans, 1994). This prevents other firms from entering into the industry successfully. For instance, some firms provide information electronically in order to retain its consumers; hence new entrants find it difficult to get customers. One of the incentives of entry into the industry is expected growth. Another incentive of entry is demand growth. The barriers to entry include: cost differences, economies of scale, limit pricing and excess

Recent Trends in Economic Integration in the Asia Pacific Region and Essay

Recent Trends in Economic Integration in the Asia Pacific Region and Their Impact on Economic Development - Essay Example Asia has been one of the world's economically promising continents. According to James Chan, during the Middle Ages, Asia was the most developed part of the world. (244) In Asia, you can find famous textiles, silverwares, spices, porcelains, silks. Today, however, the Asia Pacific region comprises developed, developing, and underdeveloped contact centre markets and as these markets progress, the demand for better customer service is expected to drive growth in this region. (Frost & Sullivan, 2005) Except for countries like USSR, Japan, Israel and other parts of Southwest Asia that is rich of oil, most Asian countries are now part of the developing world. Nowadays, most people living in Asian countries are so close to the survival limits. Developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region are facing three challenges, namely reducing poverty, addressing environmental degradation and promoting regional cooperation, said Tadao Chino, President of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), at the ope ning ceremony of ADB's annual meeting (here) Friday. (Xinhuanet, May 2002) Poverty and unemployment practically started when all Asian countries experienced urbanization. Through urbanization, residents of the countryside tend to flock into the cities to experience urban living where there are wonderful city lights, big buildings and amusement parks. This increased unemployment, congestion and various forms of social disorganization. The rapid urbanization of Asia presents some very significant challenges. The sheer scale of urban growth, the massive infrastructure needs, the plight of the urban poor, and pollution of the environment all present massive challenges. (Myoung-Ho Shin, September 2005) These events had contributed to the economic trends of the Asia-Pacific region as well as provide a great impact on Asia's Economic Development. AIMS to be able to identify the recent trends in Economic Integration in the Asia Pacific Region to discuss their impact on Economic Development to discuss the future development of the region ASIA-PACIFICS RECENT TRENDS IN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION The purpose of economic integration is to get the regions cooperation in terms of monetary, financial and fiscal areas, agriculture and industry, and other sectors. It is to prepare Asia's regions in globalization. According to Mario Lamberte, the roles and modalities of regional economic cooperation and integration in Asia focuses in three broad areas, namely, trade and investment, monetary and financial integration, and infrastructure and associated software. Regional integration, on the other hand, is de facto integration of economies within a geographic region. It may be market-driven integration, which means, there is no explicit agreement or coordinated action among countries within a region to integrate their economies; or policy-induced integration, that is, one that results from regional cooperation. (Lamberte, Page 4) Economic Integration in Asia Pacific is the sense of unity and cooperation of all the countries involved in the region. Cited from the New Asia Forum, some countries of the region have large excess capacity in

Report On Kelkars Report And Committee AOGO

Report On Kelkars Report And Committee AOGO Renowned economist Dr. Vijay Kelkar, whos been the secretary (oil and finance) in the past, has repeated verbatim a privately commissioned report that lobbies for big corporates including Reliance, in his latest report on the hydrocarbon sector called Roadmap for reduction in import dependency in Hydrocarbon sector by 2030. The Kelkar report, submitted to the petroleum ministry in January 2014, has lifted verbatim material from an Association of Oil and Gas Operators (AOGO) report. AOGO represents the group of oil and gas explorers which has interest in the Indian hydrocarbon sector, including private as well as government companies. Among its members is Reliance Industries, which is the operator of the controversial KGD6 basin natural gas block. Dna picked up nine such cut and paste instances in the Kelkar report, some of which are quoted below. The AOGO, in its report, vouched for having Production Sharing Contract (PSC) regime for the Indian oil gas sector. The Kelkar Committee, in its report, espouses the recommendation of AOGO. The most important Para in the report that justifies the PSC regime in the hydrocarbon sector has been picked from the AOGO report. In Chapter 2.3, the Kelkar Committee report begins with a question, Are contractors incentivized to Gold Plate in PSC environment? In the following Para, the report justifies the PSC regime by arguing that no company would like to indulge in gold plating as it was not incentive-compatible as every dollar of unwarranted expenditure would need to be recovered from the project revenues and which would adversely impact contractor returns. This is from the AOGO report. The report goes on to say the Indian PSC regime was transparent and in such a transparent process, any investor who assumes gold plating in his bid would not be able to offer competitive terms and will not ab-initio not win. Hence there is no incentive for a profit maximising firm to gold-plate under a PSC framework. Kelkar, however, justified this. We have acknowledged the associations and stakeholders in our report. AOGO and other corporates who have given their presentations are not terrorists that we cannot take up their views in our report, he said. But Kelkar in his acknowledgement doesnt say that hes quoting verbatim from the AOGO report. Instead, it reads: The Committee thanks AOGO and BCG for sharing with the committee the workings of the detailed Monte Carlo simulation of Indian basins and data related to 1,132 fields respectively. The analysis of the data and the findings are however carried out by the committee itself. Now the question is if Kelkar Committee analysed all data, why did it report verbatim from the AOGO report? The CAG had pulled up the petroleum ministry for offering production sharing contract (PSC) to RIL and losing out revenue as the contract allowed incentive for higher capital expenditure. The CAG report said PSCs between the government and operators were designed to encourage increasing capital expenditure by private contractors, which reduces the governments share. Under the PSC regime, the contractor first recovers his expenditure before sharing profit. This gives an incentive to oil and gas explorers to not control expenditure while developing a block. Most developed nations do not follow the PSC regime and instead choose revenue sharing model. The UPA government is accused of bowing down to RIL pressure and approving a 100% increase in the price of natural gas in the country. The Kelkar Committees report is pitched against another report prepared by a committee, headed by economist and PMs economic advisor C Rangarajan. While Kelkar batted for PSC, Rangarajan proposed a revenue sharing regime with the operator company. BIBLIOGRAPHY   Ã‚   BOOKS => ALLEN, F.H., and SEBA R.D., ECONOMICS OF WORLDWIDE PETROLEUM PRODUCTION, Tulsa, Okla.: Oil and Gas Consultants International (OGCI), Inc. (1993). => BARROWS, G.H., WORLDWIDE CONCESSION CONTRACTS AND PETROLEUM LEGISLATION. Tulsa, Okla.: Penn Well Books, (1993). => BARROWS, G.H. WORLD FISCAL SYSTEM FOR OIL, Calgary, Alberta: Van Meurs Ass. Ltd., Calgary, (1994). => BREALEY, R.A. and S.C. MYERS, PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE FINANCE, New York: McGraw-Hill. Bunter, M.A.G. (2002). => PERSLEY, THE PROMOTION AND LICENSING OF PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVE ACREAGE, The Haque: Kluiwer Law International (2010). => DAVIS, J.M., OSSOWSKI, R., FEDELINO, FISCAL POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Deloitte, Oil and Gas Survey, (2005). => EIA HANDBOOK GUIDELINES FOR PROPER APPLICATION OF FOUR COMMONLY USED INVESTMENT CRITERIA., EIA Publications (2010). => EHRHARDT, M.C., THE SEARCH FOR VALUE: MEASURING THE COMPANYS COST OF CAPITAL, Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, (1994). => GALLUN, R.A., C.J. WRIGHT, L.M. Nichols, and J.W. Stevenson, Fundamentals of Oil Gas Accounting. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell Books (2001). => KAISHR. M.J., A.G. PULSIPHER. FISCAL SYSTEM ANALYSIS: CONCESSIONARY AND CONTRACTUAL SYSTEMS USED IN OFFSHORE PETROLEUM ARRANGEMENTS, Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (2004). => MACHMUD, T. N.. THE INDONESIAN PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACT: AN INVESTORS PERSPECTIVE. HAGUE, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International (2010). => MANZANO O., MONALDI F.. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF OIL CONTRACT RENEGOTIATION IN VENEZUELA, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Cambridge Press (2013). => SUNLEY, T BAUNSGAARD D SlMARD, REVENUE FROM THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR: ISSUES AND COUNTRY EXPERIENCE- FISCAL POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION IN OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES (International Monetary Fund Publications, Services) (2003). => W. HOGAN, F. STURZENEGGER, THE NATURAL RESOURCES TRAP: PRIVATE INVESTMENT WITHOUT PUBLIC COMMITMENT, Cambridge. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. (2013). WORKING PAPERS => Baunsgaard T., A premier on Mineral Taxation. IMF working paper, WP/01/139. (2001). => Bensen, Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, TX. SPE Paper 13770 (2004). => Evans, D.J, Social Discount Rates for the European Union, Working Paper no. 2006-20, Milan: Universita Deglistudi di Milano, (2006). => Gresik. Thomas A,The Taxing Task of Taxing Transnationals, Working Paper 284,(2001). => Kretzschmar, G.L., and P. Moles. The Impact of Tax Shocks and Oil Price Volatility on => Risk: A Study of North Sea Oilfield Projects, W.P. 06.01, University of Edinburgh, (2006) => Seba R.D.. The only investment selection criterion you will ever need. Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Dallas, TX. March 2-3, SPE Paper 16310 (1987). => Smith D., True government take (TGT): A measurement of fiscal terms. Proceedings of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Dallas, TX. March 2-3. SPE Paper 16308 (2007). JOURNALS PERIODICALS => Anderson. O.L., Royalty valuation: Should royalty obligations be determined intrinsically, theoretically, or realistically?, NAT. RES. L. J., 37:611 (1998). => Boudreaux, D.O., D.R. Ward, P. Boudreaux, and S.P. Ward., An inquiry into the capital budgeting process and analytical procedures utilized by firms in the oil and gas extraction industty. PETROLEUM ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 24-34 (2001). => Garnaut, R.. and A. Clunies Ross, Uncertainty, risk aversion and the taxing of natural resource projects, ECO. J. 85(2): 272-87(2005). Johnston, D., Thinking of going international? PETROLEUM ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 13(2):84-l03 (1993). Johnston, D., Changing Fiscal Landscape, J. OF WORLD ENERGY L. BUS. 31-53 (2008). Smith, Ernest E. International Petroleum Transaction, 2 Ed. ROCKY MOUNTAIN MINERAL L. FOUNDATION, 448 (2000). Kemp A. Economic considerations in the taxation of petroleum exploitation, 2 Ed., ROCKY MOUNTAIN MINERAL L. FOUNDATION, 223 (2001). Khan, K. Petroleum Resources and Development Economic, Legal and Policy Issues for Developing Countries. C.A.R. (1987). Kumar, R.Taxation for a cyclical industry, Resources Policy No. 2:133^8 (1991). McPherson, CP, and K. Palmer, New Approaches to Profit Sharing in Developing Countries, OIL GAS J., (June 25.1984). N Pongsiri, Partnerships in Oil and Gas Production-Sharing Contracts 17(5), INT. J. PUB. S. MGMT. 431^2 (2004). Rutledge, I., and P. Wright, Profitability and taxation: Analyzing the distribution of rewards between company and country, ENERGY POLICY 26(10):795-812 (2008). Smith, D., Methodologies for comparing fiscal systems. Petroleum Accounting and FINANCIAL MGMT. J. 13(2):76-83 (1993). Ronen Perry, The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and the Limits of Civil Liability, 86 WASH.L. REV. J., 3(2011). => Stevens, P., Resource impact: curse or blessing? A literature survey, The J. of ENERGY LIT. 9(1):3^2(2003). INTERNET SOURCES ONLINE PDFs => REPORT OF THE RANGRAJAN COMMITTEE, THE PSC MECHANISM IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS, 2012 http://cac.gov.in..-reports, rep psc0201 .pdf last accessed on 4/03/2014. => ALBERTA DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. EXPLORATION DIRECTIVE 2006-17 November 1, (2009) http://www.srd.alberta.ca/formsonlineservices/directives/documents/ED2006-l 7-FlowingHolesan- dEncounteringGas-Sep2009.pdf => ALBERTA ENERGY RESOURCES CONSERVATION BOARD (ALBERTA) REPORT 2011-A: UNCONVENTIONAL GAS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK— JURISDICTIONAL REVIEW, (January 28, 2011) )http://www.ercb.ca/docs/documents/reports/r2011 -A.pdf => AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE. WATER MANAGEMENT, (June 2010) http://www. api.org/policy/exploration/hydraulicfracturing/upload/I IF2_el.pdf NEWSPAPER ARTICLES => Aps Review Gas Market Trends, Ecuador Upstream EP Changes, Resource Nationalism Investment Plan. Retrieved April 4, 2014. => Business Monitor International. Shell Gas Contract Objections Point To Troubles For Project Kuwai. 201 I.August 26. Retrieved March 19. 2014, from http://store.businessmonitor.eom/article/510755 => Business News Americas. New contract terms to normalize investment Moodys VP. Retrieved April 4, 2013. => International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2010. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France (2010). => Kent, S., Iraq Nears Deal on Oil Output Targets. Retrieved March 10. 2014, from Dow Jones Institutional News Through Factiva (2013, December 3). WEB PAGES => Mallesons Stephen Jaques., EPC Contracts-Oil and Gas Sector (2004). Available at www.mallesons.com. => Project Management Institute, Project Management Body of Knowledge Glossary of Terms. Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute Inc. (1987). => Mott Mcdonald. Project Management for Oil and Gas (2008) www.mottmac.com => Loots, P. And Henchie, N., Worlds Apart: EPC and EPCM Contracts: Risk issue and allocation. London: Mayer Brown. (2007) www.mayer- brown.com

Mike Harris And The Ontario Conservative Party: Ceos Of The Year? Essay

Private universities, private jails, private health-care and private water testing. What do all of these things have in common? They are all services the Tory government in Ontario has been trying to privatize with some disastrous results and possibly more to come. The Ontario government, lead by Progressive Conservative leader Mike Harris, has been slowly trying to do away with services that are currently administered by the province. The ideology in question, privatization, has been a hallmark of the Common Sense revolution. But so far the Tories have been slow to make a success of it. Attempts to privatize the Liquor Control Board and TV Ontario were put on the back burner because of low public support. As well, privatizing hydro utilities has already led to charges of price gouging. But by far the biggest headache is coming from the public outcry over the deaths from the E-coli outbreak in Walkerton, Ontario. Regardless of who the Tories look to blame, the issue continually keep s coming back to the privatization of water labs by the province. Yet now, with these other efforts stalled or creating political turmoil, the government is pushing ahead with its prison agenda. The first of the new â€Å"superjails† will be opened in Penetanguishine, a small rural community north of Toronto. This jail is slated to be home to the province's first privatized superjail and the issue has created a storm of controversy. In November of 1999, the Ministry of Corrections announced that the new 1200 bed facility would be turned over to the private sector, contrary to what the municipality had been previously told. Wayne Redditt is a member of a local citizen's committee opposed to the privatization venture. â€Å"The municipality entered into this deal because they thought they were going be getting a lot of good paying OPSEU (Ontario Public Sector Employees Union) jobs. People were told it was going to be a publicly run facility. Then after the election we are told that it will be private. People here didn't expect to be treated like guinea pig.† The Ministry of Corrections has defended themselves by stating there will be a strict code of standards im posed before private corporations are allowed to take control of the prisons. They have gone on to say that there will also be constant monitoring of the prison by ministry officials. This had done very little to quell public fear ... ...t money and then taking your house if you don’t pay it back? Will there be two lines in the emergency room; One for the wealthy who can swipe their credit cards and one for the â€Å"others† who will use their health cards? Since these services have felt the pressure, you can be sure that it won’t be long before other important and crucial services in this province feel the pinch. In essence, if private corporations are going to be running all the services that the province of Ontario used to run, why bother having a provincial government? Maybe some day soon we’ll all be electing a CEO and not a premier. Bibliography 1. Redditt, Wayne. Interview. HighGrader Magazine Summer 2000 2. Scanlon, Barry. Press Release. OPSEU Website Sept. 7, 2000 3. Dawe, Brian. Interview. HighGrader Magazine Summer 2000 4. Daniels, Mary Lou. Press Release. OPSEU Website Dec. 03, 1999. 5. Casselman, Leah. Press Release. OPSEU Website May 26, 2000. 6. MacDougall, Doug. Press Release. OPSEU Website Aug. 08, 2000 7. Cunningham, Diane. Interview. Ministry Website (Hansard) October 2000. 8. Casselman, Leah. Press Release. OPSEU Website June 23, 2000. 9. Taylor, Darryl. Press Release. OPSEU Website Sept. 21, 2000.

Submission of summary

First introduces the concepts and tools of strategy analysis. Here we can see some of the basic economic and positioning concepts and models of strategy analysis but we can not see how to use it. The overriding concern of each chapter is help to see how to apply the various models introduced (e. g. micro – and the macro economic characteristics). Part One also emphasises that one of the key differences between strategy and results is perfect knowledges of management and having to deal with often very imperfect knowledge in the domain of the strategist.However, it is ossible using advantage and gaining position are key for organizations to become and remain successful. All world recognise, however, that many educational institutions have similar courses of strategy (such as economics and business). Finally, strategies and organizations need to put decisions into practise. Part One have not only to introduce the many models of strategy analysis so that students can become famili ar with them and their use, but also to highlight the limitations of such models and thus avoid unnecessary thinking. Chapter Second comprises chapters which focus on strategy implementation and practice.From this perspective, questions (what, where, how) of organizational structures, cultures and processes become the focus of attention. This section also retains first chapters about strategy but this chapter put the basics for strategy. In particular, the chapter describes the key levels and the debates each has engendered. Also, this chapter Interpreting how micro – and macro level are associated. Chapter Third and Four analyzing about the micro – and macro economics of strategy. This chapters are very Importance for strategy development. Chapter three Is described about micro theory.It researches ow to effectively affect the organization with a certain strategy. Big attention Is placed on the market, supply and demand. Discussions give explanations for this chapter how the supply and demand Intervening In the market. Examples of strategies let to understand and analyze mistakes which can Interfere for company to develop hereafter. Macro theory Is described In the Chapter Fourth where Is discussing about the maln factors. These factors can play a role for company In the future. In this Chapter Is Interpreted how managers have to use the strategy effectively from the economic failures.So, manager may lay out plans for the future and the smoothly conduct the planned strategy. Do not forget about that macroeconomic analyzed economy as a whole functioning. In this Chapter Is seeking to Identify strategic factors which are determined GDP, Inflation and unemployment. Data obtained on the basis Is calculating and analyzing various statistical Indicators who say about micro – and macro – state of the economy. So, how are accepted economic decisions. In the Chapter Fifth Is wrlttlng about very Important topic for strategy – Industry analysis and competltlve strategy.How Is wrlttlng, strategy can not exlct without the concept of competltlve strategy. The successful firm has to analyze the competltlon and need to know how It can help for strategy. It Is possible to achieve success with the common market segments, quality Improvement and practice are starting to show in Chapter Three and Four. And in this chapter further explores not only the competitive strategy, but also to the importance of the strategy. Using The Porter's five forces industry analysis framework is not difficult to manage further industrial activity and make it more attractive.It is easier to attract company profits. Also in this Chapter The value chain and the balanced scorecard has big value for strategy. We can easily analyze the company's financial performance. In general, this Chapter can not to be separated from basics of economy because it helps successful development of the company's internal and external activities, evaluate the compa ny's progress and determine the strategy thinking. If we want to understand competitive strategy we have to analyze its position using the economy. The Chapter Sixth is illustrated very specifically using economic factors.This is continuetion of micro – and macro – basics of theories and most important factors about competitive strategy. This Chapter shows how companies, employees and customers have to understand their position of the demand and supply side. All of this leads to the development of the company's business model which perfectly answers the question: â€Å"where money comes from? † A business model defines how the company develops, provides and maintains the value. One more Chapter is about competitive strategy which analyzing the strategic capacity.This is Chapter Seventh hich is seeking to understand more about strategy and favorable factors for it. The whole bases are of resource-based and competences which helps to know how to manage the busines s value and development. From the beginning of Chapter Seventh main topics are resource-based and competences. A clear and rigorous analysis of resource-based and the relevant competences concepts provides with the theoretical grounding and depth of analysis vital to understanding business and corporate level strategy. Everything is continuing in next Chapter where is talking how to movie from theory to practice.In this Chapter strong emphasis on strategy in practice but it is not enough. It helps to place only strategy into the broader context of organization and management. Chapter Eight present the total life cycle model which is analyzing three main themes. It is the theme of start-ups and the role of entrepreneurs, concerned with issues of corporate failure and turnarounds and how entry strategies are conceived to organized resistance. These themes perfectly reflect the benefits of providing a system we Just have to use it very sensibly. Each of these practical examples brings out its own lesson.It requires a lot of due diligence and flexibility. That is, each strategy can make the new developments. Also we can use the life cycle model to develop the perfect market but everything is changing, nothing on the move, changing and strategy management. This cycle can be used anyway and go purposefully toward a goal, not to include everything, but the most effective use of assertions. Thus, the strategy may have a lot of options. It needs to adapt and everything to calculate and see every detail. After all, every detail can be expensive the entire company.

Nonviolent video game Essay

The future of entertainment resolves around technology. Video games become more and more realistic. Moreover, the main consumers for violent video games are teens, which the games encourage killing and fighting enemies. However, some of us who play this video game may ask the same question in their mind including myself: â€Å"Do violent video games influence youth to act aggressively and violence? † Overplaying video games can have many disastrous effects on teen, but limiting game-play can reduce the chance to get the effects. Scientist has believed that violent video games are more harmful than violent TV Programs and Films. There are three reasons that show video games are more harmful than TV Programs and Films. First, video game play is active whereas watching TV is passive. People learn better when they are actively involved. Best example to describe is participating during class time, which mean that you ask and answer question in the class. Second, players of violent video games are more likely to identify with a violent character. If the game is a first person shooter, players have the same visual perspective as the killer. If the game is third person, the player controls the actions of the violent character from a more distant visual perspective. However in a violent TV program, viewers might or might not identify with a violent character, which prevent them to do something that should not happened in the real life. Third, violent games directly reward violent behavior, such as by awarding points or by allowing players to advance to the next game level. In some games, players are rewarded through verbal praise, such as hearing the words â€Å"Nice shot! † after killing an enemy. It is well known that rewarding behavior increases the tendency of the player to be addicted to the game. While in TV programs reward is not directly tied to the viewer’s behavior and it will just produce some pissed of feeling to the person who they don’t like. Although the scientific evidence clearly shows that violent video games have harmful effects, many people still deny these effects, especially violent game players. However, some people claim that violent video games are good for us and some players believe that violent video games are cathartic, it mean that they allow players to release pent up anger or release stress easily. Moreover they need this game because to release their stress or not they will not commit suicide. Nevertheless, it’s depended on the user of the video games, whether video games will promote aggression and violence or not. In my opinion, playing violent games it’s ok, but don’t be to addict to the game or overplay. Once you get addicted and play everyday, you may become on of them: Eric Harris or Dylan Klebold who work together to killed their entire classmates in the school, because to much playing violent video games. It happened in Jefferson Country, Colorado (20 April, 1999) and it is the worse school shooting in U. S. A. So now it depend on you how efficient you use video games.